FAMILY THERAPY
Family therapy aims to achieve multiple things, depending on the existing dynamics within a family: help a target client forge a better or healthier bond with their family members, address interpersonal issues and communication problems at home, teach family members about mental health problems and treatment plans, provide homework for families to work on together, and help a family pull together as a support network for one another.
Family therapy programs are based on the family systems theory, which posits that changes in a family member may influence or lead to changes in other family members.
It further emphasizes that a family consists of subsystems and nested hierarchies – rather than a single structure, a family is made up of the individual relationships between each pair or group of two, three, four, or more people.
In other words, a two-child nuclear family is not just the relationships between mom, dad, daughter, and son – it consists of the relationships between the parents, the siblings, mom and son, mom and daughter, dad and son, dad and daughter, dad and the siblings, mom and the siblings, etc.
Why does this matter? Because each of these relationships can have an impact on the client, and may contribute positively or negatively to their treatment – as well as each individual’s mental health and development within the family dynamic.
Addressing the delicate nature of each relationship is difficult, which is why the framework for family therapy programs aim to provide a clinical approach to addressing complex interpersonal issues one step at a time. The eight working elements of family systems therapy, as defined by Murray Bowen, include:
- Triangles – the three-person system that family therapy is rooted in.
- Multigenerational transmission process – the concept that an individual’s differentiation of self attracts partners with similar levels of differentiation.
- Family projection process – the concept that parents transmit their problems to their children.
- Differentiation of the self – the level to which each individual in a large family can maintain their individuality, or rely on others for validation.
- Nuclear family emotional process – the framework for how nuclear families tend to operate when faced with specific challenges, such as divorce, a sick child, a disabled spouse, etc.
- Emotional cutoff – the concept that, due to the complex interpersonal relationships within larger families, it is common for family members to cut themselves off from the group when they’ve had enough, placing greater stress on the family as a whole.
- Sibling position – the concept that birth order plays a role in parental expectations, sibling dynamics, and the way parents discipline their children (i.e., the responsibilities weighing on the eldest, the forgotten middle child, the favored youngest).
- Societal emotional process – the concept that things that can affect familial ties can translate into societal change, as well.
A common misunderstanding is assuming that family therapy exists primarily for the benefit of the client. While they do benefit, family counseling or family therapy aims to address the overarching family dynamics in a client’s home, to the benefit of the whole household.